pitrtools

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h1. How To Configure Warm Standby with pitrtools

This how-to demonstrates how to configure a warm standby using PostgreSQL 8.4 and pitrtools.

h1. What Is pitrtools and Why Would You Want To Use It?

Essentially, pitrtools is a wrapper around standard tools, such as rsync and PostgreSQL's internal functionality, that makes, among other things, creating and managing standby configurations and subsequent failover to a standby a snap.

With the help of pitrtools you could do more, namely:

* secure shipping of log files to configured standby server over SSL protected link;

* streaming replication;

* enable/disable archiving without the need to restart PostgreSQL;

* stay informed by generating alerts based on various levels of severity of events happening during the process on both ends of configuration;

* automatically take a base backup, including table spaces, restore archives and purge old ones (if PostgreSQL >8.3);

* failover to the latest restore point and point-in-time recovery (restore using timestamps);

* etc.

Obviously, pitrtools attempts to make things simpler, more secure and easier to manage.

h1. Naming Conventions

Master server can be referred to also as archiver.

Slave is often called standby.

These names are used interchangeably.

h1. The Test Setup

It's a good idea to first setup pitrtools and play with it before you actually go ahead and change configuration of your production servers. To show how pitrtools is configured and work, I'll describe the entire process using a 2 hosts test setup as an example.

So, there are 2 hosts named @bitarena@ and @bitarena-clone@, both being virtualized instances of Debian Squeeze. I assume you're experienced enough to install Debian yourself and know how to find your way around the system.

@bitarena@ is designated role of master server aka archiver, @bitarena-clone@ is a slave aka standby server. pitrtools is installed on both hosts, but each host uses different tools from the package.

h1. The Process

These are major steps in actual order of execution that one would have to follow to get pitrtools-enabled setup running:

On master server

		* Turn on archiving

		* Install helper scripts

		* @cmd_archiver -C $CONFIG -I@

On slave server

		* @cmd_standby -C $CONFIG -I@

		* @cmd_standby -C $CONFIG -B@

		* @cmd_standby -C $CONFIG -S@

h1. Installing and Configuring pitrtools

If your system doesn't have a package for pitrtools download a tarball from pitrtools project page at https://public.commandprompt.com/projects/pitrtools/wiki.

Installing pitrtools is a matter of unpacking an archive file. The recommended default is `postgres' home directory.

You can put it anywhere in your filesystem as long as the files belong to and can be accessed by `postgres'.

h1. SSH Key-based Login for pitrtools

pitrtools relies on rsync and SSH heavily to do its work, e.g. making a base backup and shipping WAL log files from master to slave server -- all that happens over an SSL-protected communication channel. This is the area where pitrtools makes one's life easier, because otherwise you'd have to find a way to copy log files to a slave server somehow (most likely it would be some sort of networking mount point).

Therefore one of the prerequisites is to configure SSH key-based logins between the two hosts for @postgres@ system user that don't require a password or a passphrase.

*Master*

<pre>root@bitarena:~# su - postgres

postgres@bitarena:~$ ssh-keygen -t rsa

... 

postgres@bitarena:~$ ls -la /var/lib/postgresql/.ssh/

total 16

drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Sep 28 09:17 .

drwxr-xr-x 5 postgres postgres 4096 Sep 28 09:17 ..

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 1675 Sep 28 09:17 id_rsa

-rw-r--r-- 1 postgres postgres  399 Sep 28 09:17 id_rsa.pub

postgres@bitarena:~#

</pre>

*Slave*

<pre>root@bitarena-clone:~# su - postgres

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ ssh-keygen -t rsa

... </pre>

Answer all the questions and ssh-keygen will create both private and public (*.pub file) RSA keys. For now just create the key pair, one on on each host (master and slave). When done, proceed to exchanging public keys between the hosts like this:

*Master*

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ ssh-copy-id bitarena-clone

Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'bitarena-clone'", and check in:

  .ssh/authorized_keys

to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting.

postgres@bitarena:~$ ssh bitarena-clone

Linux bitarena-clone 2.6.32-5-686 #1 SMP Sun May 6 04:01:19 UTC 2012 i686

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;

the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the

individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent

permitted by applicable law.

Last login: Thu Oct 18 06:07:22 2012 from bitarena.localdomain

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ less .ssh/authorized_keys

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ </pre>

This will copy @postgres@ system user's public SSH key on master to standby into a file @authorized_keys@, which will allow @postgres@ on master to login to slave host without a password and also in a secure fashion.

Remember that this has been done on master server only. In a similar manner, you should take care of the slave host.

It's worth noting that pitrtools runs some actions remotely. For example, when a base backup action is run on a slave host, cmd_standby script establishes SSH session to a master host and runs various psql commands to deal with checkpoints, copy log files, etc. This also requires PostgreSQL user password to access the database, and it is often needed to be entered 4 and more times for a base backup action to complete. 

Once you played around with pitrtools enough to get hang of things, you could avoid having to enter password manually each time by either using .pgpass file (which is a "standard feature of PostgreSQL":http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/libpq-pgpass.html) or make sure there's a "trust relationship configured for localhost in @pg_hba.conf@ file":http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/auth-methods.html.

For the sake of clarity, consider these examples:

.pgpass

<pre>

127.0.0.1:*:postgres:postgres:postgrespass

</pre>

pg_hba.conf

<pre>

host postgres postgres 127.0.0.1/32 trust

</pre>

In the console output examples you're going to see below I entered password manually, but this, of course, is really inconvenient in production environment.

h1. Master Configuration File

Sample configuration files are pretty good as they are with the defaults they come. Chances are you're not going to change a lot in there. Make sure you read all *.README files, though, because they contain helpful extra information about pitrtools and configuration parameters that will help you decide how to best configure your servers.

We start with the master host by editing pitrtools configuration file for master/archiver.

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ vim pitrtools/etc/cmd_archiver.ini

	[DEFAULT]

	; online or offline

	state: online					

	; The base database directory

	pgdata: /var/lib/postgresql/8.4/main

	; where to remotely copy archives

	r_archivedir: /var/lib/postgresql/archive

	; where to locally copy archives

	l_archivedir: /var/lib/postgresql/archive

	; where is ssh and what flags to add

	ssh: /usr/bin/ssh

	; where is rsync				

	rsync_bin: /usr/bin/rsync			

	; extra rsync flags

	rsync_flags: -z

	; option 2 or 3, if running RHEL5 or similar it is likely 2

	; if you are running something that ships remotely modern software

	; it will be 3

	rsync_version = 3

	; IP of slave					

	slaves: bitarena-clone

	; the user for the ssh connection to a standby

	user: postgres				

	; if rsync can't connect in 10 seconds error

	ssh_timeout: 10

	; command to process in ok					

	notify_ok: echo OK

	; command to process in warning

	notify_warning:  echo WARNING

	; command to process in critical

	notify_critical: echo CRITICAL

	; if you want to debug on/off only		 	

	debug: on

	; if you want ssh debug (warning noisy)

	ssh_debug: off

</pre>

Note that you can use domain names instead of IP addresses for slaves: parameter, it works either way just fine. You might also want to turn debugging on while you're learning pitrtools. It helps to see what software does, if you try to understand better how it works.

h2. Turn On and Configure Archiving

If you are not using Streaming Replication / Hot Standby, we need to turn on archiving functionality in PostgreSQL. This is purely a PostgreSQL feature, but we can also take advantage of using pitrtools thanks to flexible design of PostgreSQL.

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ vim /etc/postgresql/8.4/main/postgresql.conf

...

archive_mode=on

archive_command = '/var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/bin/cmd_archiver -C /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/etc/cmd_archiver.ini -F %p'

...

</pre>

Here we explicitly turn archiving mode on and tell PostgreSQL to use @cmd_archiver@, part of pitrtools, as the archiving command. 

It must be provided with a path to a configuration file (@-C@ switch), and a path to a log file (@-F@ switch). @%p@ is substituted by PostgreSQL with the actual log file location in the file system. To learn more about how to use @cmd_archiver@ run

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_archiver --help</pre>

Please, keep in mind that pitrtools isn't supposed to be run by @root@ user. Technically, it can be run by any system user other than root, and unless you have a customized configuration your default PostgreSQL user will be @postgres@, so pitrtools are expected to be run as that system user.

Restart PostgreSQL for changes to take effect.

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ /etc/init.d/postgresql restart

Restarting PostgreSQL 8.4 database server: main.

postgres@bitarena:~#

</pre>

h2. Install Helper Scripts

Apply cmd_standby.sql to the database of pitrtools user (usually @postgres@). This is required for master server only.

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ psql -U postgres < ~/pitrtools/scripts/cmd_standby.sql

CREATE FUNCTION

COMMENT

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE FUNCTION

COMMENT

CREATE FUNCTION

COMMENT

postgres@bitarena:~$</pre>

>Note: If you are running Postgres 9.2, use cmd_standby.92.sql

h2. Initialize Master Environment

At this point we're pretty much done configuring the master server. All that is left to do is initialize master environment by running

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_archiver -C pitrtools/etc/cmd_archiver.ini -I

We are initializing queues, one moment.

NOTICE: init_env_func()

NOTICE: generate_slave_list_func()

NOTICE: Your slaves are: ['bitarena-clone']

postgres@bitarena:~$ ls -lah

total 40K

drwxr-xr-x  7 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 10:25 .

drwxr-xr-x 34 root     root     4.0K Sep 27 02:32 ..

drwxr-xr-x  3 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 24 15:10 8.4

drwx------  2 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 27 02:23 .aptitude

drwxr-xr-x  3 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 10:25 archive

-rw-------  1 postgres postgres 1001 Sep 28 10:03 .bash_history

drwxr-xr-x  2 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 10:25 pitrtools

-rw-------  1 postgres postgres 1.4K Sep 28 05:08 .psql_history

drwx------  2 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 09:29 .ssh

-rw-------  1 postgres postgres 3.6K Sep 28 10:25 .viminfo

postgres@bitarena:~$ ls -lah archive/bitarena-clone/

total 8.0K

drwxr-xr-x 2 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 10:25 .

drwxr-xr-x 3 postgres postgres 4.0K Sep 28 10:25 ..

postgres@bitarena:~#</pre>

As you can see @-I@ switch tells @cmd_archiver@ to do a couple of internal actions, as well as prepare file system layout by creating necessary directories. 

@archive/@ directory has been created automatically by @cmd_archiver@ and contains sub-directory named after IP address or DNS name of a slave, @bitarena-clone@ in this example. This sub-directory is used in those circumstances when master fails to successfully transfer WAL log files to slave and stores them temporarily in this local directory. Once slave is back online, these files should be transferred to slave.

Effectively, after you've initialized master it starts trying to ship WAL files to slave. However, the slave host isn't configured yet, so the log delivery will fail and the log files should be found in @l_archivedir/slave_FQDNorIP/@ folder on master host. Once we configure slave, these will be shipped as soon as a new WAL segment is created on master.

h1. Slave aka Standby Server

Now we can prepare the slave host. SSH key-based login for @postgres@ system user should be working in both directions, from master to slave, as well as from slave to master.

Assuming you've arranged for this as it was suggested before, we can now go on and edit slave configuration file to perform first important step and initialize slave environment.

One of the configuration file parameters, namely @pgdata:@, will ask you to specify PostgreSQL data directory. You could look it up in @postgresql.conf@, or, If your PostgreSQL is already running, you could see this information like this:

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ ps axuwf |grep postgre

postgres  3352  0.0  0.4  46452  5464 ?        S    09:59   0:03 /usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/postgres 

-D /var/lib/postgresql/8.4/main -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/8.4/main/postgresql.conf

...</pre>

Remember, note down the path somewhere or copy it to the clipboard. We'll need it in a minute.

h2. Slave Configuration File

Now edit slave configuration file. Most defaults are good and safe options, but your setup may be different from what I have in this how-to. So, be careful to understand what you're doing.

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ vim pitrtools/etc/cmd_standby.ini

[DEFAULT]

; what major version are we using?

pgversion: 8.4

; Used for PostgreSQL version 8.2 and below, should be set 

; to something > than checkpoint_segments on master

numarchives: 10

; Whether or not to use streaming replication.  If this is set to "on"

; PITRTools will configure the standby server to replicate from master

; using streaming replication.

; This can only be used with PostgreSQL 9.0 and up.

use_streaming_replication: no

; File to touch to end replication when using streaming replication.

trigger_file: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/cmd_end_recovery

; User to connect to master DB while using streaming replication,

; ignored if not using streaming replication.

repl_db_user: replication

; Password for the user repl_db_user.

repl_db_password: replication

; sslmode to use when connecting for streaming replication.

; Accepted values: the same as libpq: disable, allow, prefer, require, verify-ca and verify-full

; Default: sslmode: prefer

sslmode: prefer

; Commands needed for execution

; absolute path to ssh, note you can also add flags such as -P for port.

ssh: /usr/bin/ssh

; absolute path to rsync

rsync: /usr/bin/rsync

; extra rsync flags

rsync_flags: -z

; the path to the postgres bin

pg_standby: /usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/pg_standby

pg_ctl: /usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/pg_ctl

; set it for 9.0 and above if streaming replication is enabled

pg_archivecleanup: /usr/lib/postgresql/9.0/bin/pg_archivecleanup

; path to psql on the Master

r_psql: /usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql

; Generalized information

; the port postgresql runs on (master)

port: 5432

; IP or name of Master server

master_public_ip: bitarena

; the IP address we should use when processing remote shell

master_local_ip: 127.0.0.1

; the user performed initdb

user: postgres

; on or off

debug: on

; on or off

ssh_debug: off

; the timeout for ssh before we throw an alarm

ssh_timeout: 30

; should be the same as r_archivedir for archiver

archivedir: /var/lib/postgresql/archive

; where you executed initdb -D to

pgdata: /var/lib/postgresql/8.4/main

; Confs

; This is the postgresql.conf to be used for the failover

pg_conf_failover: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/etc/pg_conf_failover/postgresql.conf

; This is the pg_hba.conf to be used for the failover

pg_hba_conf_failover: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/etc/pg_conf_failover/pg_hba.conf

; This is the postgresql.conf to be used for Postgres when in standby mode

pg_conf: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/etc/pg_conf/postgresql.conf

; This is the pg_hba.conf to be used for Postgres when in standby mode

pg_hba_conf: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/etc/pg_conf/pg_hba.conf

; By default postgresql.conf and pg_hba.conf will be copied from the

; locations specified above to pgdata directory on failover.

;

; Uncomment the following to make postgres actually use the above conf

; files w/o copying them to pgdata.

;no_copy_conf: true

; The recovery.conf file to create when starting up

; Defaults to %(pgdata)/recovery.conf

recovery_conf: /var/lib/postgresql/8.4/main/recovery.conf

; Useful when postgresql.conf doesn't specify log destination

; Will be passed with -l to pg_ctl when starting the server.

;

; If you're worried about having complete logs, either make sure

; postgresql.conf points to a log file, or use the logfile: parameter.

;

; Otherwise postgresql will print on standard stdout and nothing

; will be recorded in the logs

;

logfile: /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-8.4-main.log

; Alarms

notify_critical: echo CRITICAL

notify_warning: echo WARNING

notify_ok: echo OK

; On failover action

; Whatever is placed here will be executed on -FS must return 0,

; must have execution bit for at least owner (chmod u+x)

action_failover: /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/scripts/failover.sh

</pre>

@action_failover:@ script has to exist and have permissions of at least @chmod u+x@ equivalent, it could be just a placeholder script with a simple action like this:

<pre>#!/bin/bash

touch /var/lib/postgresql/pitrtools/failover_happened</pre>

but it's meant as a way to let you do certain actions on failover, those would be very specific for each given setup. It's good to know, though, that pitrtools lets you take actions automatically when failover happens. Use this feature to make your setup more sophisticated.

In addition, when doing a failover, there are two more additional options to take into consideration, namely @pg_conf_failover:@ and @pg_hba_conf_failover:@. Both allow you to start server on failover using alternative configuration. This is meant to provide users with a way to prepare their failover scenario configuration in advance.

h2. Initialize Slave Environment

First stop PostgreSQL, then initialize slave environment.

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~/pitrtools$ bin/cmd_standby -C etc/cmd_standby.ini -I

NOTICE: check_pgpid_func()

DEBUG: executing query 'SELECT * FROM cmd_get_data_dirs()' by /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1 

DEBUG: /var/lib/postgresql/8.4/main

Standby is ready</pre>

Please, note that if @archivedir: /var/lib/postgresql/archive@ hasn't been created, you should do so manually as @postgres@ system user (or set @postgres@ user and group as the ownership information for this directory). pitrtools should do this automatically for you, but earlier versions were known not to do so. This is important, and the next step in slave configuration, which is base backup, will fail if @archivedir:@ doesn't exist.

h2. Making a Base Backup

Before you proceed check if @archivedir:@ exists on slave and WAL files are being shipped to it from master host. WAL files are generated and shipped only when new data is stored in the database on master host. To help simulate data flow and check whether archiving and shipping is happening, try this SQL statement on master host:

<pre>postgres@bitarena:~$ psql

psql (8.4.13)

Type "help" for help.

postgres=# create table testpitrtools1 as select * from pg_class, pg_description;

postgresq=# \q

postgres@bitarena:~$</pre>

You could create a couple of tables like that to generate enough WAL segments. See @archivedir:@ directory on slave to check whether any WAL files have been copied there. If they have, everything works as expected and you can try to make a base backup on slave host:

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -B

NOTICE: check_pgpid_func()

DEBUG: executing query /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1  by  'checkpoint' 

Password for user postgres: postgrespass

DEBUG: CHECKPOINT

DEBUG: executing query /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1  by  'SELECT cmd_pg_start_backup()' 

Password for user postgres: postgrespass

DEBUG: cmd_pg_start_backup:  1

DEBUG: executing query /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1  by 'SELECT * FROM cmd_get_data_dirs()'

Password for user postgres: postgrespass

DEBUG: executing query /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1  by 'SELECT * FROM cmd_get_pgdata() LIMIT 1'

Password for user postgres: postgrespass

receiving incremental file list

./

backup_label

backup_label.old

postmaster.opts

base/1/

base/1/pg_internal.init

base/11564/

base/11564/pg_internal.init

base/16499/

base/16499/pg_internal.init

base/33069/

base/33069/33084

base/33069/33268

base/33069/33974

base/33069/33974_fsm

base/33069/33974_vm

base/33069/33980

base/33069/33993

base/33069/33993_fsm

base/33069/33993_vm

base/33069/33999

base/33069/33999_fsm

base/33069/pg_internal.init

global/

global/pg_auth

global/pg_control

global/pg_database

pg_clog/0000

pg_multixact/offsets/0000

pg_stat_tmp/

pg_stat_tmp/pgstat.stat

pg_subtrans/0001

Number of files: 1537

Number of files transferred: 25

Total file size: 189868759 bytes

Total transferred file size: 22162037 bytes

Literal data: 920320 bytes

Matched data: 21241717 bytes

File list size: 20500

File list generation time: 0.004 seconds

File list transfer time: 0.000 seconds

Total bytes sent: 65011

Total bytes received: 189901

sent 65011 bytes  received 189901 bytes  101964.80 bytes/sec

total size is 189868759  speedup is 744.84

DEBUG: executing query /usr/bin/ssh -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no  postgres@bitarena  "/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/psql -A -t -Upostgres -p5432 -dpostgres -h127.0.0.1  by  'SELECT cmd_pg_stop_backup()' 

Password for user postgres: postgrespass

DEBUG: cmd_pg_stop_backup: 

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$</pre>

As you can see what happens is that pitrtools puts master into backup mode, synchronizes data directories (including tablespaces, if any) from master to slave and then exits backup mode on master. If base backup action had failed before it properly finished (say, you had lost connection to slave while rsync was copying files over to it), you'd need to intervene and run manually @-Astop_basebackup:@

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -Astop_basebackup

...</pre>

After that run base backup action again. Just make sure it finishes its work properly (use console output for successful base backup action above as a reference).

h2. Start a Standby

If you want a cold standby you're done. If you need a warm standby, then run:

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -S

NOTICE: check_pgpid_func()

server starting

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ 2012-10-16 02:47:31 PDT LOG:  database system was interrupted; last known up at 2012-10-16 02:44:37 PDT

2012-10-16 02:47:31 PDT LOG:  starting archive recovery

2012-10-16 02:47:31 PDT LOG:  restore_command = '/usr/lib/postgresql/8.4/bin/pg_standby -s5 -w0 -c -d  /var/lib/postgresql/archive %f %p %r '

Trigger file 		: <not set>

Waiting for WAL file	: 00000001.history

WAL file path		: /var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history

Restoring to		: pg_xlog/RECOVERYHISTORY

Sleep interval		: 5 seconds

Max wait interval	: 0 forever

Command for restore	: cp "/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history" "pg_xlog/RECOVERYHISTORY"

Keep archive history	: 000000000000000000000000 and later

running restore		:cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

not restored

history file not found

Trigger file 		: <not set>

Waiting for WAL file	: 000000010000000100000025.00000020.backup

WAL file path		: /var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000025.00000020.backup

Restoring to		: pg_xlog/RECOVERYHISTORY

Sleep interval		: 5 seconds

Max wait interval	: 0 forever

Command for restore	: cp "/var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000025.00000020.backup" "pg_xlog/RECOVERYHISTORY"

Keep archive history	: 000000000000000000000000 and later

running restore		: OK

2012-10-16 02:48:01 PDT LOG:  restored log file "000000010000000100000025.00000020.backup" from archive

Trigger file 		: <not set>

Waiting for WAL file	: 000000010000000100000025

WAL file path		: /var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000025

Restoring to		: pg_xlog/RECOVERYXLOG

Sleep interval		: 5 seconds

Max wait interval	: 0 forever

Command for restore	: cp "/var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000025" "pg_xlog/RECOVERYXLOG"

Keep archive history	: 000000000000000000000000 and later

running restore		: OK

2012-10-16 02:48:02 PDT LOG:  restored log file "000000010000000100000025" from archive

2012-10-16 02:48:02 PDT LOG:  automatic recovery in progress

2012-10-16 02:48:02 PDT LOG:  redo starts at 1/25000020, consistency will be reached at 1/2504FFC4

2012-10-16 02:48:03 PDT LOG:  consistent recovery state reached

Trigger file 		: <not set>

Waiting for WAL file	: 000000010000000100000026

WAL file path		: /var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000026

Restoring to		: pg_xlog/RECOVERYXLOG

Sleep interval		: 5 seconds

Max wait interval	: 0 forever

Command for restore	: cp "/var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000026" "pg_xlog/RECOVERYXLOG"

Keep archive history	: 000000010000000100000025 and later

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.

WAL file not present yet.</pre>

At this point PostgreSQL armed with pitrtools on master server will be continuously shipping log files to @archivedir:@ on slave. Once shipped, the WAL files will be immediately replayed, because slave in standby mode continuously scans @archivedir:@ for new WAL files and replays them as soon as they become available (this can be seen from example console output above).

h1. Failing Over

Now you have a warm standby mirroring changes occurring on the master server. When your master server becomes unavailable due to any reason, you could turn this warm standby server into a production instance by simply running on standby machine a failover action as shown below. For this PostgreSQL on master must not be running, otherwise pitrtools will throw out a warning and refuse to failover.

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -F999

NOTICE: check_pgpid_func()

2012-10-16 02:56:20 PDT LOG:  received fast shutdown request

2012-10-16 02:56:20 PDT LOG:  aborting any active transactions

waiting for server to shut down....2012-10-16 02:56:20 PDT LOG:  shutting down

2012-10-16 02:56:20 PDT LOG:  database system is shut down

 done

server stopped

server starting

NOTICE: Statistics are not replicated in warm standy mode.

HINT: Execute ANALYZE on your databases

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ 2012-10-16 02:56:22 PDT LOG:  database system was interrupted while in recovery at log time 2012-10-16 02:54:35 PDT

2012-10-16 02:56:22 PDT HINT:  If this has occurred more than once some data might be corrupted and you might need to choose an earlier recovery target.

2012-10-16 02:56:22 PDT LOG:  starting archive recovery

2012-10-16 02:56:22 PDT LOG:  restore_command = 'cp /var/lib/postgresql/archive/%f "%p"'

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  restored log file "000000010000000100000026" from archive

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  automatic recovery in progress

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  redo starts at 1/2635B428, consistency will be reached at 1/27000000

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/000000010000000100000027': No such file or directory

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  could not open file "pg_xlog/000000010000000100000027" (log file 1, segment 39): No such file or directory

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  redo done at 1/265AD744

2012-10-16 02:56:23 PDT LOG:  last completed transaction was at log time 2012-10-16 02:55:07.387709-07

2012-10-16 02:56:24 PDT LOG:  restored log file "000000010000000100000026" from archive

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000002.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000003.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000004.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000005.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000006.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000007.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000008.history': No such file or directory

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000009.history': No such file or directory

2012-10-16 02:56:24 PDT LOG:  selected new timeline ID: 9

cp: cannot stat `/var/lib/postgresql/archive/00000001.history': No such file or directory

2012-10-16 02:56:25 PDT LOG:  archive recovery complete

2012-10-16 02:56:26 PDT LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections

2012-10-16 02:56:26 PDT LOG:  autovacuum launcher started

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$</pre>

This will create @recovery.conf@ file under @pg_data:@ directory and restart PostgreSQL to enter production mode of operation.

After this, you'd be basically running a copy of production master server. Keep in mind that you would also need to change IP addresses and/or load balancing configuration, routing, firewall rules or anything else that might be in the way of establishing a successful connection to this host. This is where @action_failover:@ script could come in handy. 

Plan in advance, figure this all out to avoid any downtime before you will need to failover.

h1. Other things you could do with pitrtools and some tips

This how-to is meant to help you get started with pitrtools. pitrtools can do more, though, than just help you configure standby.

h2. Point-In-Time Recovery

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -F999 -R '2008-05-28 11:00:38.059389'

...</pre>

This is essentially a restore to a specific point in time action. In general, you can only restore to a point in time while using cold standby, because PITR will "stop" recovering at the point in time you've specified, and both warm and hot standby servers have already recovered all the WAL files they can. In this regard, it would be a good idea to have a cold standby around for disaster (at logical level) recovery.

Once this has been done, you can't choose another timestamp to restore to.

h2. Entering Standby Mode After Failover On Slave

Suppose you failed over to your standby slave, which is running now as a replacement of master for your applications. You've fixed problems with the actual master and want this slave host to enter standby mode again. Here's how you'd do it:

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -Astop

...</pre>

This will stop entire PostgreSQL service. You could also use PostgreSQL init script to achieve the same instead. If you need more fine-grained control use @pg_ctlcluser 8.4 main stop@ (see @man pg_ctlcluster@ for more details). Take a new base backup as before and enter standby mode:

<pre>postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -B

...

postgres@bitarena-clone:~$ pitrtools/bin/cmd_standby -C pitrtools/cmd_standby.ini -S

...</pre>

Again, if you want a cold standby just don't run -S action after -B.

h2. Alerts

Alerting is designed to run your custom scripts. You could easily integrate pitrtools alerting to your existing NMS be it Nagios, Zabbix, or anything else, send e-mails or take actions you decide.

h2. Logging

It bears repeating -- just In case you overlooked this in standby sample configuration file notes -- if your @postgresql.conf@ doesn't specify a log file to write to and you don't use @logfile:@ parameter in @cmd_standby.ini@ the output will be directed to stdout (your console) and nothing will ever be written to a log file on disk. 

If you restart PostgreSQL, that'll fix the problem, but you can avoid it in the first place by either specifying log file to write to in @postgresql.conf@ or by using @logfile:@ parameter in @cmd_standby.ini@.

h2. Troubleshooting

Set @debug:@ parameter in configuration files to @on@ and scrutinize the information. PostgreSQL log file is also a good place to look at.

h1. Getting Help

A very low-traffic mailing list for pitrtools can be found here http://lists.commandprompt.com/mailman/listinfo/pitrtools/

There is also consulting available from "Command Prompt":https://commandprompt.com/contact/