Documentation » History » Version 5
bford -, 11/01/2005 08:45 AM
1 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | = PL/PHP - PHP Procedural Language for PostgreSQL = |
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2 | 1 | bford - | |
3 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | [[PageOutline(2-3,Contents,inline)]] |
4 | 1 | bford - | |
5 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == What is pl/PHP? == |
6 | 1 | bford - | |
7 | pl/PHP is a procedural language with hooks into the PostgreSQL |
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8 | database sytem. It was written by Command Prompt, Inc. and has since |
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9 | been open sourced and licensed under the PHP and PostgreSQL (BSD) |
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10 | licenses. |
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11 | |||
12 | |||
13 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Download and Installation == |
14 | 1 | bford - | |
15 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Download the following files from their respective sites. |
16 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
17 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | pl/PHP |
18 | -------------------- |
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19 | http://www.commandprompt.com/files/plphp-7.4.x.tar.bz2 |
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20 | http://www.commandprompt.com/files/plphp-8.x.tar.bz2 |
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21 | 1 | bford - | |
22 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | PHP |
23 | -------------------- |
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24 | Supported versions are 4.3.8+ or 5.0.2+. |
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25 | See http://www.php.net/downloads/ |
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26 | 1 | bford - | |
27 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | PostgreSQL |
28 | -------------------- |
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29 | Supported versions are 7.4.5, 7.4.6, and 8.x. |
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30 | See http://www.postgresql.org/download/ |
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31 | 1 | bford - | }}} |
32 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Unpack the tarballs for PHP and PostgreSQL (leave the plphp tarball alone for now; we'll use it later!). |
33 | 1. If you downloaded a GZIP file, |
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34 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | {{{ |
35 | 1 | bford - | tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz |
36 | tar -xvzf filename.tgz |
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37 | }}} |
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38 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. If you downloaded a BZIP2 file, |
39 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
40 | tar -xvjf filename.tar.bz2 |
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41 | }}} |
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42 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Build your PHP library with everything disabled. |
43 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
44 | 5 | bford - | cd postgresql-X.Y.Z/ |
45 | patch -p1 < plphp.patch |
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46 | autoconf |
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47 | ./configure --with-php=/path/to/php.so |
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48 | 1 | bford - | }}} |
49 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Run 'configure' in the postgresql directory. |
50 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
51 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | cd postgresql-<version> |
52 | ./configure <your typical configure args> |
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53 | 1 | bford - | }}} |
54 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Apply the plphp patch to your PostgreSQL source. |
55 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
56 | tar xvjf plphp-<version>.x.tar.bz2 plphp.patch |
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57 | patch -p1 < ../plphp.patch |
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58 | }}} |
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59 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Configure PostgreSQL with your PHP source (use an absolute path). |
60 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
61 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | ./configure --with-php=/path/to/php-<version> |
62 | }}} |
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63 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Build and install your plphp.so library. |
64 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
65 | cd src/pl/plphp |
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66 | make |
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67 | make install |
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68 | }}} |
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69 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | 1. Start postmaster and execute following sql to create the plphp language: |
70 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
71 | CREATE FUNCTION plphp_call_handler() RETURNS language_handler |
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72 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | AS 'plphp' LANGUAGE C; |
73 | 1 | bford - | CREATE TRUSTED LANGUAGE plphp HANDLER plphp_call_handler; |
74 | }}} |
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75 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
76 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Functions and Arguments == |
77 | 1 | bford - | |
78 | To create a function, use the standard syntax: |
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79 | |||
80 | |||
81 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | {{{ |
82 | 1 | bford - | CREATE FUNCTION funcname (argument-types) RETURNS return-type AS ' |
83 | # plphp function body here |
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84 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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85 | }}} |
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86 | |||
87 | |||
88 | Arguments are passed in the $args array and the result value is returned |
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89 | with the 'return' statement. |
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90 | |||
91 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
92 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
93 | CREATE FUNCTION plphp_max(integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS ' |
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94 | if ($args[0] > $args[1]) { |
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95 | return $args[0]; |
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96 | } else { |
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97 | return $args[1]; |
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98 | } |
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99 | ' STRICT LANGUAGE 'plphp' |
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100 | }}} |
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101 | |||
102 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
103 | 1 | bford - | NOTE: The use of the STRICT clause saves us from having to |
104 | think about NULL input values to our function. If a NULL value is |
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105 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | passed, the function will not be run at all, but will rather just |
106 | 1 | bford - | return a NULL result automatically. |
107 | |||
108 | In a non-strict function, if the actual value of an argument is NULL, |
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109 | the corresponding $args[n-1] variable will be set to an empty string |
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110 | (unset). |
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111 | |||
112 | |||
113 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Data Types and Returns == |
114 | 1 | bford - | |
115 | The arguments passed into your pl/PHP function are converted to text |
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116 | so you can manipulate them with the loose typing enjoyed in typical |
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117 | PHP scripts. Conversely, the return command will accept any string |
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118 | that is acceptable input format for the function's declared return |
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119 | type. |
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120 | |||
121 | |||
122 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Global Shared Variable == |
123 | 1 | bford - | |
124 | There is a global variable that can be used to store data between |
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125 | function calls, called $_SHARED. |
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126 | |||
127 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
128 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
129 | CREATE FUNCTION set_var(text) RETURNS text AS ' |
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130 | global $_SHARED; |
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131 | $_SHARED[''first'']=$args[0]; |
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132 | return ''ok''; |
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133 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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134 | |||
135 | CREATE FUNCTION get_var() RETURNS text AS ' |
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136 | global $_SHARED; |
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137 | return $_SHARED[''first'']; |
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138 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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139 | |||
140 | SELECT set_var('hello plphp'); |
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141 | SELECT get_var(); -- will return 'hello plphp' |
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142 | |||
143 | }}} |
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144 | |||
145 | NOTE: The shared global variable is connection-specific. This is |
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146 | useful for passing information around a single script execution, |
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147 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | but it is wiped when the connection is closed. |
148 | |||
149 | |||
150 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == PostgreSQL Array Support == |
151 | 1 | bford - | |
152 | There is support for multi-dimensional arrays. |
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153 | |||
154 | For example: |
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155 | |||
156 | |||
157 | {{{ |
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158 | CREATE FUNCTION php_array() RETURNS text[][] AS ' |
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159 | $return = array(array("Steven", "Klassen"), |
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160 | array("Jonathan", "Daugherty")); |
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161 | |||
162 | return $return; |
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163 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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164 | }}} |
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165 | |||
166 | |||
167 | {{{ |
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168 | sklassen=# select php_array(); |
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169 | php_array |
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170 | ----------------------------------------- |
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171 | {{Steven,Klassen},{Jonathan,Daugherty}} |
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172 | (1 row) |
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173 | }}} |
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174 | |||
175 | |||
176 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types == |
177 | 1 | bford - | |
178 | Functions may be declared to accept and return the polymorphic types |
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179 | 'anyelement', 'anyarray', and 'anyrecord'. See the PostgreSQL |
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180 | documentation section 33.2.5 for a more detailed explanation of |
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181 | polymorphic functions. |
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182 | |||
183 | For example, |
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184 | |||
185 | {{{ |
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186 | CREATE FUNCTION array_three_values(anyelement, anyelement, anyelement) RETURNS anyarray AS ' |
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187 | $ret[0] = $args[0]; |
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188 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | $ret[1] = $args[1]; |
189 | 1 | bford - | $ret[2] = $args[2]; |
190 | return $ret; |
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191 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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192 | |||
193 | SELECT array_three_values(3,2,1); |
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194 | array_three_values |
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195 | -------------------- |
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196 | {3,2,1} |
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197 | (1 row) |
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198 | |||
199 | CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION php_row(integer) RETURNS record AS ' |
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200 | $ret[f1]=$args[0]; |
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201 | $ret[f2]="hello"; |
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202 | $ret[f3]="world"; |
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203 | return $ret; |
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204 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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205 | |||
206 | select * FROM php_row(1) AS (f1 integer, f2 text, f3 text); |
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207 | |||
208 | }}} |
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209 | |||
210 | |||
211 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Database Access (SPI) == |
212 | 1 | bford - | |
213 | Two functions are provided for database access. |
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214 | |||
215 | 1. spi_exec_query - Execute a query with optional limit. |
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216 | |||
217 | resource spi_exec_query(string query[, int limit]) |
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218 | |||
219 | 2. spi_fetch_row - Return an associative array of the row's |
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220 | results. |
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221 | |||
222 | array spi_fetch_row(resource result) |
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223 | |||
224 | For example: |
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225 | |||
226 | This isn't a particularly useful function, but it will illustrate the |
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227 | above-described access functions. You provide an integer id and it |
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228 | returns the username text field. |
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229 | |||
230 | |||
231 | {{{ |
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232 | CREATE FUNCTION get_username(integer) RETURNS text AS ' |
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233 | # Assign the query to a variable. |
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234 | $query = "SELECT username FROM users WHERE id = " .$args[0]; |
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235 | |||
236 | # Run the query and get the $result object. |
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237 | $result = spi_exec_query($query); |
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238 | |||
239 | # Fetch the row from the $result. |
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240 | $row = spi_fetch_row($result); |
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241 | |||
242 | return $row[''username'']; |
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243 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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244 | |||
245 | sklassen=# select get_username(1); |
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246 | get_username |
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247 | -------------- |
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248 | sklassen |
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249 | (1 row) |
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250 | |||
251 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | }}} |
252 | 1 | bford - | |
253 | == Triggers == |
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254 | |||
255 | When a function is being used to return a trigger, the associative |
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256 | array $_TD contains trigger-related values. |
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257 | |||
258 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["new"]:: |
259 | 1 | bford - | An associative array containing the values of the new table row for |
260 | INSERT/UPDATE actions, or empty for DELETE. The array is indexed |
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261 | by field name. Important note: Fields that are NULL will not |
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262 | appear in the array! |
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263 | |||
264 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["old"]:: |
265 | 1 | bford - | An associative array containing the values of the old table row for |
266 | UPDATE/DELETE actions, or empty for INSERT. The array is indexed |
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267 | by field name. Important note: Fields that are NULL will not |
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268 | appear in the array! |
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269 | |||
270 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["name"]:: |
271 | 1 | bford - | Contains the trigger name itself. |
272 | |||
273 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["event"]:: |
274 | 1 | bford - | Contains one of the values: "INSERT", "UPDATE", "DELETE", or |
275 | "UNKNOWN". /note to offshore re: unknown/ |
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276 | |||
277 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["when"]:: |
278 | 1 | bford - | Contains one of the values: "BEFORE", "AFTER", or "UNKNOWN". |
279 | |||
280 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["level"]:: |
281 | 1 | bford - | Contains one of the values: "ROW", "STATEMENT", or "UNKNOWN". |
282 | |||
283 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["relid"]:: |
284 | 1 | bford - | Contains the relation ID of the table on which the trigger occured. |
285 | |||
286 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["relname"]:: |
287 | 1 | bford - | Contains the relation name. |
288 | |||
289 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["args"]:: |
290 | 1 | bford - | An array of arguments passed to the trigger, if any. They can be |
291 | accessed as $_TD["args"][idx]. Example, $_TD["args"][0]. |
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292 | |||
293 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | $_TD["argc"]:: |
294 | 1 | bford - | The number of arguments passed to the trigger, if any. |
295 | |||
296 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | === Example of an AFTER INSERT trigger === |
297 | 1 | bford - | |
298 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | Suppose you have a users table with the typical columns and an |
299 | 1 | bford - | activity table that you're using to track page accesses. On row |
300 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | |
301 | 1 | bford - | INSERT to the activity table, you want to update the last_seen field |
302 | of the appropriate user's record. |
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303 | |||
304 | Consider the following table definitions: |
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305 | |||
306 | |||
307 | {{{ |
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308 | CREATE TABLE users ( |
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309 | id serial PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, |
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310 | username text NOT NULL, |
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311 | email text, |
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312 | last_seen timestamp without time zone, |
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313 | active boolean DEFAULT true NOT NULL |
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314 | ); |
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315 | |||
316 | CREATE TABLE activity ( |
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317 | id serial PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, |
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318 | users_id integer NOT NULL, |
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319 | file_accessed text NOT NULL, |
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320 | stamp timestamp without time zone DEFAULT now() NOT NULL, |
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321 | CONSTRAINT users_id_exists FOREIGN KEY (users_id) REFERENCES users(id) |
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322 | ); |
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323 | |||
324 | CREATE FUNCTION update_lastseen() RETURNS trigger AS ' |
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325 | $new =& $_TD[''new'']; |
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326 | |||
327 | if (isset($new[''users_id'']) && isset($new[''stamp''])) { |
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328 | $query = "UPDATE users SET last_seen = ''" .$new[''stamp'']. |
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329 | "'' WHERE id = " .$new[''users_id'']; |
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330 | |||
331 | $rv = spi_exec_query($query); |
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332 | } |
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333 | |||
334 | return; |
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335 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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336 | |||
337 | CREATE TRIGGER after_update_lastseen_trigger |
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338 | AFTER INSERT ON activity FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE update_lastseen(); |
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339 | |||
340 | }}} |
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341 | |||
342 | '''1. We'll insert a new user row.''' |
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343 | |||
344 | |||
345 | {{{ |
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346 | sklassen=# insert into users (username, email) values ('sklassen','sklassen@commandprompt.com'); |
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347 | INSERT 1 |
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348 | |||
349 | sklassen=# select * from users where username = 'sklassen'; |
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350 | |||
351 | id | username | email | last_seen | active |
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352 | ----+----------+----------------------------+-----------+-------- |
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353 | 1 | sklassen | sklassen@commandprompt.com | | t |
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354 | (1 row) |
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355 | }}} |
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356 | |||
357 | |||
358 | '''2. Insert a new row into the activity table.''' |
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359 | |||
360 | |||
361 | {{{ |
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362 | sklassen=# insert into activity (users_id, file_accessed) values (1,'index.html'); |
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363 | INSERT 1 |
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364 | |||
365 | '''3. Check and make sure our trigger fired as expected.''' |
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366 | |||
367 | sklassen=# select * from users where username = 'sklassen'; |
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368 | id | username | email | last_seen | active |
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369 | ----+----------+----------------------------+----------------------------+-------- |
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370 | 1 | sklassen | sklassen@commandprompt.com | 2005-01-10 09:48:57.191595 | t |
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371 | (1 row) |
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372 | |||
373 | }}} |
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374 | |||
375 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | === Example of a BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE trigger === |
376 | 1 | bford - | |
377 | Let's say we have a user named admin that we want to prevent the |
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378 | pplication from modifying. We'll create a BEFORE DELETE trigger that |
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379 | prevents them from deleting the row and a BEFORE UPDATE trigger that |
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380 | prevents them modifying the username on which the previous trigger |
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381 | depends. |
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382 | |||
383 | |||
384 | {{{ |
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385 | CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION immortal() RETURNS trigger AS ' |
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386 | # The record may not be deleted if the username is "admin". |
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387 | echo "You cannot delete the admin user.\n"; |
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388 | return ($_TD[''old''][''username''] == ''admin'') ? "SKIP" : |
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389 | "MODIFY"; |
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390 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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391 | |||
392 | CREATE TRIGGER before_delete_immortal_trigger BEFORE DELETE ON users |
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393 | FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE immortal(); |
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394 | |||
395 | CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION protect_admin() RETURNS trigger AS ' |
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396 | # Do not let them modify the username of the admin account. |
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397 | $oldUsername =& $_TD[''old''][''username'']; |
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398 | $newUsername =& $_TD[''new''][''username'']; |
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399 | |||
400 | if ($oldUsername == ''admin'' && ($oldUsername != $newUsername)) { |
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401 | echo "You cannot change the admin username.\n"; |
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402 | return ''SKIP''; |
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403 | } else { |
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404 | return ''MODIFY''; |
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405 | } |
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406 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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407 | |||
408 | CREATE TRIGGER before_update_protect_admin_trigger BEFORE UPDATE ON |
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409 | users FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE protect_admin(); |
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410 | |||
411 | sklassen=> select * from users; |
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412 | id | username | email |
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413 | ----+----------+---------------------------- |
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414 | 1 | sklassen | sklassen@commandprompt.com |
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415 | 2 | admin | admin@yourhost.com |
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416 | (2 rows) |
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417 | |||
418 | sklassen=> update users set username = 'frobotz' where id = 2::bigint; |
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419 | You cannot change the admin username. |
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420 | UPDATE 0 |
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421 | |||
422 | sklassen=> delete from users where username = 'admin'; |
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423 | You cannot delete the admin user. |
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424 | DELETE 0 |
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425 | |||
426 | }}} |
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427 | |||
428 | |||
429 | == Trusted vs. Untrusted == |
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430 | |||
431 | Normally, plPHP is installed as a "trusted" procedural language named |
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432 | 'plphp'. In this configuration, PHP will run in "safe mode". Read |
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433 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | more about the restrictions here: |
434 | 1 | bford - | |
435 | http://www.php.net/manual/en/features.safe-mode.functions.php |
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436 | |||
437 | In general, the operations that are restricted are those that interact |
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438 | with the environment. This includes file operations, require, and use |
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439 | (for external modules). |
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440 | |||
441 | Since there is no way to gain access to the internals of the database |
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442 | backend process or the operating system itself, any unprivileged |
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443 | database user may use functions written in this language. |
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444 | |||
445 | An example of a NON-working function due to security constraints: |
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446 | |||
447 | |||
448 | {{{ |
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449 | CREATE FUNCTION read_passwd_file() RETURNS text AS ' |
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450 | readfile("/etc/passwd"); |
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451 | return 0; |
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452 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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453 | |||
454 | }}} |
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455 | |||
456 | It will appear to execute, but depending on your log level, you'll may |
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457 | see something like the following: |
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458 | |||
459 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | {{{ |
460 | Warning: readfile(): SAFE MODE Restriction in effect. The script |
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461 | 1 | bford - | whose uid is 500 is not allowed to access /etc/passwd owned by uid 0 |
462 | in Command line code on line 3 |
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463 | |||
464 | Warning: readfile(/etc/passwd): failed to open stream: Success in |
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465 | 4 | Álvaro Herrera | plphp function source on line 3 |
466 | }}} |
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467 | 1 | bford - | |
468 | Sometimes it is desirable to write PHP functions that are not |
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469 | restricted. In this case, you can create the language as 'plphpu' to |
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470 | enable the previously unavailable functions. |
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471 | |||
472 | |||
473 | {{{ |
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474 | CREATE LANGUAGE plphpu HANDLER plphp_call_handler; |
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475 | }}} |
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476 | |||
477 | |||
478 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Composite Type Arguments == |
479 | 1 | bford - | |
480 | Composite-type arguments are passed to the function as associative |
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481 | array. The keys of the array are the attribute names of |
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482 | the composite type. Here is an example: |
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483 | |||
484 | |||
485 | {{{ |
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486 | CREATE TABLE employee ( |
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487 | name text, |
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488 | basesalary integer, |
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489 | bonus integer |
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490 | ); |
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491 | |||
492 | CREATE FUNCTION empcomp(employee) RETURNS integer AS ' |
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493 | return $args[0][''basesalary''] + $args[0][''bonus'']; |
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494 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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495 | |||
496 | SELECT name, empcomp(employee) FROM employee; |
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497 | |||
498 | }}} |
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499 | |||
500 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Composite Type Returns (Returning Rows) == |
501 | 1 | bford - | |
502 | To return a row or composite-type value from a PL/PHP-language |
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503 | function, you can use indexed array: |
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504 | |||
505 | |||
506 | {{{ |
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507 | CREATE TYPE __testrowphp AS (f1 integer, f2 text, f3 text); |
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508 | |||
509 | CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION php_row(integer) RETURNS __testrowphp AS ' |
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510 | $ret[f1]=$args[0]; |
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511 | $ret[f2]="hello"; |
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512 | $ret[f3]="world"; |
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513 | return $ret; |
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514 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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515 | |||
516 | select * FROM php_row(1); |
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517 | |||
518 | Will return: |
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519 | f1 | f2 | f3 |
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520 | ----+-------+------- |
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521 | 1 | hello | world |
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522 | }}} |
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523 | |||
524 | |||
525 | '''10.2 You can also use SETOF functions (returning sets (multiple rows)):''' |
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526 | |||
527 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
528 | 1 | bford - | {{{ |
529 | CREATE TYPE __testsetphp AS (f1 integer, f2 text, f3 text); |
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530 | |||
531 | CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION php_set(integer) RETURNS SETOF __testsetphp AS ' |
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532 | $ret[0][f1]=$args[0]; |
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533 | $ret[0][f2]="hello"; |
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534 | $ret[0][f3]="world"; |
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535 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
536 | 1 | bford - | $ret[1][f1]=2*$args[0]; |
537 | $ret[1][f2]="hello"; |
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538 | $ret[1][f3]="postgres"; |
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539 | 2 | Álvaro Herrera | |
540 | 1 | bford - | $ret[2][f1]=3*$args[0]; |
541 | $ret[2][f2]="hello"; |
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542 | $ret[2][f3]="plphp"; |
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543 | return $ret; |
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544 | ' LANGUAGE 'plphp'; |
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545 | |||
546 | SELECT * FROM php_set(1); |
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547 | |||
548 | Will return: |
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549 | f1 | f2 | f3 |
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550 | ----+-------+---------- |
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551 | 1 | hello | world |
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552 | 2 | hello | postgres |
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553 | 3 | hello | plphp |
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554 | |||
555 | }}} |
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556 | |||
557 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == Limitations == |
558 | 1 | bford - | |
559 | plPHP functions cannot call each other directly because they are |
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560 | anonymous subroutines inside PHP. |
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561 | |||
562 | 3 | Álvaro Herrera | == TODO == |
563 | 1 | bford - | |
564 | Implement elog() function for notices. |